Problem-based learning is an effective way to cultivate geographical key competences. Taking the classic case of the Aswan Dam, this paper designs a progressive problem-based learning plan, "Why Build a Dam — The Advantages and Disadvantages of Dams — The Future Development of Dams" to guide students in examining the advantages and disadvantages of dams in a systematic, dynamic, and dialectical approach, thereby deepening their understanding of the human-environment relationship. This approach helps students develop an awareness of respecting, adapting to, and protecting nature, and fosters concepts such as green development.