This paper deconstructs the essential attributes of geography test questions from three aspects: structure, intentionality, and integration. It reveals the underlying logic of geography test question design from four levels: value logic, subject logic, cognitive logic, and contextual logic. Based on a systematic analysis of the essential attributes and underlying logic of geography test questions, this paper constructs a "four-layer, fi ve-ring" geography test question design model. The scientifi c validity and operability of the model are verifi ed using original test questions as case studies.